Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Clinical Pharmacology has a broad scope, from the discovery of new target molecules, to the effects of drug usage in whole populations. The main aim of clinical pharmacology is to generate data for optimum use of drugs and the practice of evidence based medicine.

Recent study shows that a tumor like disease in Brain known as CCMs (Cerebral Cavernous Malformations) can only be treated through surgeries earlier but now the discovery of the mutation has the potential to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Also due to Artificial Intelligence in pharmaceuticals, Humans will no longer be the subject of drug trials.

Cheminformatics is a new field which focus on the Collection, Manipulation and Storage of the chemical data which includes the structure, spectra, properties, molecular formulas and activities of the small chemical compound. Cheminformatics is the mixing of those information resources to transform data into information and information into knowledge for the intended purpose of making better decisions faster in the area of drug lead identification and optimization.

Cosmatovigilance is a systematic monitoring of the safety of cosmetic products in terms of human health. This aims to detect the adverse effects of cosmetic products, and to prevent the adverse effects by taking appropriate measures. It is different from the surveillance carried by the industries for the purpose of product selling. Regulations for cosmetic products primarily address the safety of products that may be used by large populations of healthy consumers.

Toxicodynamics, states the dynamic interactions between a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also called as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA or a variety of other receptors. The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for the applications related to environmental risk assessment by executing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models.

Therapeutic drug monitoring is a test to measure the amount of certain medicines in blood. It is just to make sure that the amount of drug taken is effective and safe for one’s body. TDM is also used to monitor food-drug, drug-drug interaction. The process of TDM is based on the assumption that there is a definable relationship among the dose and plasma or blood drug concentration, and among concentration and therapeutic effects. 

 Immunology deals with the drug acting on immune system. It estimates the risk to the immune system from exposure to drugs. Immunopharmacology is the process of combinatorial therapy which involves the use of multiple antitumor drugs that have different mechanisms of action. Also, combinatorial treatment often combine drugs that target different phases of the cell cycle.

Pharmaceutical or medicinal chemistry involves the designing (drug design) and synthesis of biologically active molecules/ drugs. Drug discovery is a complex, risky and costly process where as drug design is an inventive process of finding new medications based on knowledge and research. Drug development and discovery includes preclinical research on cell-based and animal models and clinical trials on humans, and finally move forward to the step of obtaining regulatory approval in order to market the drug.

Pharmacovigilance is the study of related to the detection, understanding and prevention of adverse effect of medicines or drugs. All the vaccines and medicine goes through several testing and clinical trials before they are authorized to use. It helps to minimize the risk of harm to the user.

Bioisostere are the groups which have similar Physical or chemical properties which produce broadly similar biological properties to another chemical compound. Bioisosterism is used to reduce toxicity. Bioisostere is a molecule resulting from the exchange of atom or a group of atom. The bioisosteric replacement may be physiologically or topologically.

 Pharmaceutical chemistry has a key role to play in understanding everything from viral structure to pathogenesis, isolation of vaccines and therapies, as well as in the development of materials and techniques used by basic researchers, virologists and clinicians

Pharmacodynamics is the study of how the drug effect the body. It is concerned with the effects of drugs and their mechanism of action. It discusses the chemicals with biological receptors. Pharmacodynamics is molecular and physiological effect of the drug on body including receptor binding, post receptor effect and chemical interactions. The receptor activation and biological response are related to the drug concentration.

Toxicology help to find the harmful effects that drug or chemical can have on the body by studying their chemical action. The goal of toxicology is to contribute to the knowledge of harmful actions of the chemicals substances to study their chemical action and to examine the risk of the drugs on the human body on the basis of biological experiments on biological system. Toxicology contributes in the treatment of cancer as some toxins are used as drugs for killing tumor cells.

Pharmacokinetic is the process used to state the fate of the substance administered to the body. It may include Pharmaceutical drugs, pesticides etc. It shows how the body effect the drug after the administration through the absorption and distribution of drug. Pharmacokinetic activities are effected by the route of administration and the drug dose.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry plays an important role in the process of drug discovery through the synthesis and selection of compounds that created a structure-activity relationships and achieved the drug efficacy and safety in preclinical animal testing. The role of the Pharmaceutical Chemistry in drug discovery has undergone major changes in the past 25 years, mainly because of the introduction of various new technologies have changed the role of pharmaceutical chemistry in modern era.

Pharmacognosy referred to the study of natural sources like plants as Drug source. It is the oldest modern science.  It involves the quality control of drug based on macroscopic and microscopic examinations of crude drug.  It involves the detailed research about the physical, chemical, biological, biochemical properties of drugs and search for the new drugs.

Pharmaceutics is the process concerned with the process of creating the dosage form such as a pills or a powder for intravenous injection of a therapeutic that is to be used by patients. It involves Drug formulation and drug manufacturing. It is also known as the Science of dosage drug design. Its process includes turning of a new entity chemical into safe and effective drug

Pharmacology is the branch concerned with drug action and also it is the study of interaction between the organism and the drug that effect biochemical functions either normal or abnormal. Pharmacology mainly deals with the research, discovery, and characterization of chemicals which show biological effects and the explanation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these chemicals.

Pharmacological Stimulation refers to the increase in the function of various drugs. It promotes the cell cycle progression. Pharmacological stimulation of the 5-HT3 receptor was found to improve the hyperlocomotor effects of d-amphetamine while systematic inhibition reduce it in rats. Pharmacological stimulation can act to increase the ductal electrolyte transport in the striated and excretory ducts of the rat sub maxillary gland.